Justice is almost a main pillar and purpose of existence because Islam is available for removing oppression and dominating justice everywhere. In fact, justice is the main element that keeps a state in existence for a long time. According to the famous Islamic thinker Suhreverdi, “property does not disappear by disbelief but oppression”. In other words, “property can persist by disbelief but not oppression”. Ibn Taymiyyah says “Allah helps an equitable state even it is totally composed of unbelievers, but if it is an unjust state, Allah does not help that state even if it totally consists of Muslims …” (Kozak, 1999: 254). It is said in a hadith that “three things are saviors and another three are destroyers. Saviors are just to both friends and enemies, afraid of Allah in both open and secret circumstances, and economical in both poverty and richness.…” (Mawardi, 1978: 177-79).
Demikian cuplikan pendapat dari Prof. Dr. Erkrem Erdem dari Erciyes University, Turki, dalam pemaparannya mengenai model ekonomi negara Islam. Selama ini kita belajar mengenai pemikiran ekonomi klasik kuno yaitu dari sistem perekonomian sangat sederhana, sederhana, sampai dengan sistem perekonomian realistis dengan pemikir-pemikir besar seperti Adam Smith dan David Ricardo yang hidup di abad ke-18 sampai Karl Marx. Tetapi sesungguhnya pemikir-pemikir besar dari Asia seperti dari Cina dan India pada tahun-tahun sebelum itu sudah menulis banyak tentang ekonomi, pada umumnya dikaitkan dengan etika dan agama. Abu Jusuf yang hidup di era Harun Al Rasyid pada abad ke-8 sudah berbicara tentang Tax. Ibnu Khaldun sudah memperkenalkan metode kurva dan menemukan bahwa menaikkan tarif pajak justru mengurangi perolehan pajak.
Di awal tulisannya Profesor Erdem menulis mengenai model ekonomi, yang pertama command economy yaitu segala sesuatunya diatur oleh negara. Sedangkan model yang kedua adalah market economy, harga ditentukan oleh ekonomi pasar. Bagaimana model ekonomi Islam?
Ibn Khaldun and Gazali:The main duty of the government is to maintain stability and sustain it against excessivenesses and oppressions…….oppression is to seize one’s property, to cut a worker’s wage etc, and it does not matter whoever does this whether it is a government or a private person. In this sense, he believes that those who collect unfair taxes, violate people’s property or confiscate others’ property are the oppressives.
Model Ekonomi Islam dapat dipastikan bukan model ekonomi yang pertama, command economy. The Prophet said in his last address (hutbah) to his ummah, “Your properties and lives are holy as this hadj day”. In another hadith it is said that “violation of a muslim’s life, property and wealth are forbidden for another muslim”. This hadith especially describes the role of government, saying; “a woman travelling from Hira to Kabah herself must be in a safe condition that there will be no one else that she fears but Allah during her journey” (Chapra, 1977: 97).
In Islamic tradition, generally government intervention is not preferred as long as the things done are appropriate according to basic Islamic rules, because the essential substance in business life is to recognize the freedom of enterprise. In the event of disrespectfulness to basic ethical rules, the government can interfere in the market after completing the required supervisions within the rules under a certain institutional framework.
Institusi yang mengawasi ekonomi/pasar dari era Rasulullah SAW sampai dengan Pemerintahan Ottoman sebagaimana tertulis berikut ini, Hisbe organization is the institution that is responsible for the regulation of markets and price controls (narh applications). This organization had succeeded in protecting its existence from the early times of Islam towards the late times of Ottomans. Some of the muhtesibs, who are responsible for market controls for the name of organization, control whether the jobs are being done perfectly or imperfectly, some control whether the craftsmen are straightforward and reliable persons or not, and some others control whether the jobs are being done well or badly.
Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani Indrawati terpilih sebagai Ketua Ikatan Ahli Ekonomi Islam Indonesia (IAEI) periode 2019-2023.
Diposting oleh gandatmadi46@yahoo.com